IAAC MAA 2010: Design Studio I, Barcelona O Emissions BLOG
Trees relationship to their surrounding environment (buildings) have always been an external
one. So, what I propose is to integrate the tree’s complexity in producing energy, via leaf’s, into
an applicable skin structure that will help morph an existing building into an energy efficient
building. These skin structures would adapt to the energy needs of the building may it be
a commercial building (deciduous) or a residential building (evergreen).
The proposal studies the transport according to the polution produced and the capacity of charge (passenger or goods). Only two variables of data shape the maps. For polution the variable is the fuel spent by each way of transport, measured in L/Km/Person. For mobilty the variable is the quantity of People x 1000/Day trasported. With these two variables we can compare the different vehicles in order to see it relevance in mobility and polution.
Due to the overlay of the different transports and their nature, the study clasifies three kind of trasportation: public, private and logistics.
According to the color scale that measures the polution we find two kind of maps. Infrared scale in order to keep the precise information about the amount of polution of each transport and x ray transparency scale in order to treat intersections and overlays.
The mobility, seen as capacity of charge, is expresed by the thickness of the routes.
X Ray scanners have the property of reading different densities in a overlay structure. Each material presents a different opacity to x ray radiation. Inz a x ray radiography we find air as black, water as grey, fats as dark grey and bones as white. The overlay is expressed with intesities of white.
Infrared scanners have the property of reading the heating radiated by different sources. In order to have a precise and easy perception of data, the colors change in a short variation of its variable in the scale.
ANALISYS:
CO2 EMISSIONS BY TRAFFIC
My analisys is focused on localazing the most critical point for the CO2 emissions in the air given by the traffic on the streets.
I considered the most busy street of the neighborhood – the Ronda del Guinardò – simulating the variations of the emissions produced by a single car.
PROPOSAL:
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
The proposal is to place turbines – called “CO2 tower” – in the points of the streets identified in order to aspire the air, capture the carbon in underground boxes, transport it via pipelines to a plant where it will be reutilized to produce energy or to store it deeper underground.
Landscaping is an easy and inexpensive way to
improve the energy efficiency of the building
and provide screening for privacy.
Selected types of plants can be strategically
positioned to protect the building from the harsh
extremes of summer sun and chilling winter winds,
improve comfort both inside and outside the home,
and reduce the need for supplementary healing and
cooling.
Shade from trees to roofs and/or windows
can reduce indoor temperatures by 6-12 ‘C
in summer.
Conversely,ensuring winter sun penetration
through windows can save substantial
amount of heating energy.
External temperatures can be reduced up to
6’C by using ground cover or lawn instead
paving.
These temperature differentials improve both
comfort and energy efficiency of the home so
that heating and cooling requirements are
reduced.
The principles are shown in the presentation
attached.
The site is located on the N-E side of Barcelona adjacent to the River Besos. The main emphasis of the mapping revolves around the rejuvenation of the Besos. The data traces down the drainage lines and the amount of grey and black water waste that is produced by various zones of the barrio. The data probes into the possibilities of passive systems and techniques towards cleaning up and revitalizing the river. In the existing scenario, the river has been channelized and human functions are strictly organized defined by the hard and soft spaces. We aim towards making the river more organic and have a more informal interaction with the pedestrians and also serve as a platform to clean and treat the waste water in a passive green way.
A study of the areas of Pedralbes, Sarria, and El Tibidabo: When thinking of a zero emission Barcelona, one must first study, analyze and quantify emission. The mapping exercise in this area helps us quantify electricity consumption per square meter in both buildings and plots based on their function or functions. Most importantly it analyzes the relationship between the three (building/plot/function) , which suggests areas of critical CO2 emission. It is important to study CO2 emissions based on size of building, plot and their functions. With these factors in mind, we can implement the right strategy of generating clean energy in the right building and, or area. The proposal search: The right strategy of reduction of energy consumption. The better use and maintaining of green areas, and the generation of clean energy based on the right method for the right place.
emission-(reduction+clean energy) = zero
The idea was to compare the residential density with amenity density and derive a relation that exists between them in the barrio. This study becomes very important because it was observed that there was a varying concentration of amenities and resident in different areas of the barrio. Also in order to achieve O emission, the amenities should be placed at a walking distance of 400m. The proposal will aim at achieving maximum optimization of infrastructure and balance distribution of amenities.
Neighborhood: 20 Saint Gervasi – La Bonanova, Les Tres Torres, Saint Gervasi – Galvany
Group: Maria Margariti, Renata Stefanelli, Liliana Viveros Diaz
ANALYSIS OF THE AREA
In the three neighborhoods Saint Gervasi – La Bonanova, Les Tres Torres and Saint Gervasi – Galvany the research fields that stand out the most due to its visual impact are vegetation, transportation and residencies. Located on the foot of the Collserola park the area presents a great amount of gardens and parks such as Parc de Monterols, Jardí de Les Tres Torres and Turó Parc and individual green areas in between the buildings by Les Tres Torres and Bonanova area. The occupational uses of the buildings in the area diverge with the access of transportation to the places. Along the main roads and subway stations in the area between the streets of Avenida Diagonal, Via Augusta, Ronda del General Mitre and Balmes, the buildings have a mixed use of commercial stores on the ground floor and residencies on the floors above. Along the rest of the area, there are mainly residence buildings, with few local services located spread out. In the northern part, towards Collserola, the typology starts changing; some houses can be seen between dense green areas unlike the high concentration of buildings side by side with internal patios in the block in the rest of the area.
OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH
The purpose of mapping out the city in different aspects is to be able to transform Barcelona into a 0 emissions city. It is necessary first to find out what specific node pollutes and its effects. In order to have objective and accurate values only a section of the area was taken into consideration as a case study. Thirty blocks between the streets of Via Augusta, Ronda del General Mitre and Muntaner were chosen due to its intense flow of cars, buses, presence of railway stations, internal parks inside the typologies of the residences, public parks, and different heights and uses of the buildings around. Therefore this project consists of a research on the Co2 emissions of the pollutants of the area (traffic and buildings), the Co2 absorption by vegetation and its balance.
CO2 ABSORPTION BY VEGETATION
In order to compensate the CO² emissions of the case study region a research on the amount of absorption by vegetation was made. As a first step a map of the different typologies of vegetation was created, categorizing it in flowers, short vegetation, tall vegetation and trees along the streets. Through research, it is given that a tree absorbs 22,7kg CO² per year and has an average surface of 19,8m². Therefore, 1m² of vegetation with trees absorbs 1,15kg of CO2/year, but if the vegetation is short it is considered only 60% of that value. After all calculations were made, a map of the CO² absorption by vegetation was generated representing 250gr/m²/year of CO2.
CO2 EMISSIONS BY TRAFFIC
To analyze the traffic influence a research on the website www.bcn.cat/transit/en was made searching the hours with most traffic during the period of October 14th to October 21, 2010. The traffic of the region was mapped during the hours of 10am-12pm, 2pm-4pm and 8pm-10pm. Finally the time that represented the biggest fluency of cars and motorcycles was from 2pm-4pm. Therefore, to have even further accurate and specific data the number of cars and motorcycles that passed by per minute were measured in every corner of the case study region during those hours. Given the information that each car emits 145,9 g/km/min of CO² gases, a calculation with the emissions per block per street was generated and a map of the CO² emissions by traffic was created representing in 0.4tons/m²/year of CO².
CO2 EMISSIONS BY DENSITY
The use of energy in buildings is another pollutant source analyzed in the case study through density. The three neighborhoods had a population of 145,532 people in 2009 distributed in an area of 2.009,4ha. That gives a total population density of 72 inhabitants/ha. Saint Gervasi – La Bonanova has an area of 223,50 ha with a population of 46,829 people, giving a density of 109 inhabitants/ha. Les Tres Torres occupies 78,80 ha with a population of 15,832 and density of 201 inhabitants/ha. Saint Gervasi – Galvany occupies 165,9ha with a population of 46,829 people with a density of 282 inhabitants/ha. The area of the case study that contains the 30 blocks is 266,690m². Given that in 1m² of a house 0,014 tons/m²/year of CO² is emitted, a research of the amount of floors of each building was done. By calculating the total occupational area and multiplying by the CO² emission coefficient (0,014 tons/m²/year) a map of the buildings emissions of CO² through density was developed, representing 12.5 kg/m² O/year of CO².
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the great amount of parks and trees in the region, the hypothesis was that the pollution and absorption would finally balance out. Calculating the potential of each block to absorb its own CO² emissions produced by traffic and density through vegetation we were able to find out that the vegetation in the area doesn’t make up for its pollution at all. More specifically, we concluded that in order for the vegetation to compensate the traffic pollution we would need to have 1600 times more the amount of vegetation existent and to cover the pollution from residences and commerce it would be necessary to plant 100 times more.
Group team:
<a href=”http://legacy.iaacblog.com/barcelona0emision/author/hertobayuapriano/“>Apriano</a>
Team: Ayber Gülfer, Morten Bülow & Manuel Huerta
The analysis: is focused in the behavior of the wind between the buildings, in order to implement the results in an efficient way, trying to collect as much energy as possible. Complemented with the energy analysis consumption of each building to find their needs.
Proposal: since in an urban area as dense as Barcelona, we get turbulence or slow speed wind between buildings. We want to generate a skin or structure that can be added to the facades of the buildings or urban equipment that not only will function as a wind collector, but also will have a functionality depending on where you place it.
Also see: Ayber Gülfer | Morten Bülow