Category Archives: Digital Logics – Critical Readings

H O R M E Z I

Roma (5)

 

Introducing us the concept of rhizome, Deleuze uses a rhizome himself, not just a whatever book which would have innate a linear and sequential structure, that pinpoints and solves a problem, but an hypertext, with no conclusion in it, hard to understand as to define it, hard to extrapolate a unique sense because is the reader who has to look for it, every single reader putting himself, as just one of the infinite connections to which it is open, inside the text.

The operation which drives Deleuze to rhizome is the most philosophical action in philosophy; inspecting the philosophic experience, based on the thinking process, and on the effective difficulty of thinking, he studies and scrutinizes the thinking itself, tracing a map of it, forming a geophilosophy, the rhizome indeed.

Thus, to understand its sense, I guess is necessary to do a step farer from the rhizomatic thinking system and give a look on what is at the rhizome’s antipodes. Opposed to the rhizome, deeply criticized by the author, and deeply embedded in the western thinking from Platone to nowadays, is the tree-roots system which legitimates itself by redirecting on a unique element, firmly submerged on the depths of a categorical system. The latter one is totally hierarchical, that from its own roots and their dichotomist  propagating develops a logical-theoretical system, instead the rhizome is a network, which can develop itself in a scattered order, not by noted points and with off-center configurations, in which every element can be related to any other one, the tree is vertical, the rhizome is horizontal, the first one is diachronic, the other one is synchronic, the tree is an ordered succession and fundamentally dual, 1,2,4,8, in other words the multiple starting from a unity; the rhizome is multiplicity expressed n-1  where the 1 is the centralizing unity. The tree-roots is “from-to”, the rhizome is “between”; and still, one is “is” adjectival, ontological, the other one is “and”, of a conjunctive nature. The first one is evolution, the latter one is transformation, rigidity and flexibility, one is made by objects, the other one by relations. The tree is this paragraph, the rhizome is inside each one of us.

To better define the rhizome, Deleuze outlines six points: Connection and Heterogeneity the first ones, which is a composition of lines, of dimensions, directions, not of unities, and this allow the absolute interconnections inside it; the third point is Molteplicity, and this implies the absence of interdependency, the rhizome is open and infinitely travelable, with infinite entrances and exits. Fundamental is the fourth point, the Asiginifying Rupture, which pinpoints the behavior within it, a rhizome acts by variations, conquest, extension, and if a rupture occur this one becomes unpredictable experience of discovery, given by regenerative capacity of the system. The last two point go together too, Cartography and Decalcomania, the first one is positive as a sort of dynamic projection of the rhizome itself , the latter one is negative as it shelves and neutralizes the multiplicity.

As it couldn’t be in a different way, the rhizomatic thinking is born in the second half of the last century and it couldn’t be a better definition of the current one. Always opposing to the tree-system we live in a time with no roots, not continuous, cyclical and stable anymore, but in a process of demythicization of the past and in an increasing detachment from it, immerged in an hybrid and irregular present, conscious of an unpredictable, even close, future;  what the tree doesn’t have, as well as all the centuries past, because all determined by process, is the simultaneity, the absolute present, the extraordinary self-sufficiency and self-determination of the rhizome and of 21st century.

Acquired the concept of rhizome, and aware that the rhizome is nothing also than a biological fact, and, in our case, an image of thinking, what about architecture? Get the rhizome as a model and make architecture an imitation of it, so a rizomathic architecture; or extending the rhizome thinking to every circumstance surround us, so thinking rhizomatically the architecture; or internalizing the architecture in a rhizomatic system? Well, both terms, belonging to distinct categories, don’t’ distinguish themselves that much; naturally implied, talking about rhizome as an advanced approach to philosophy, I’m always referring to advanced architecture.                                                                                                                               So what do they have in common? At the first sight the chaos, illusory, intended, that dynamic system of transitive transations, by territorializing and deterritorializing without loosing identity, a fake disorder made by a multiplicity of orders, of layers, of  mille plateau, an undetermined result of trajectories and fluctuations, a fractal system sensible to variations. Both strongly heterogeneous, two non-linear system with no point of equilibrium, both in a continuous process, both a continuous process. But here it’s introducing a non-contact point; regarding what said before, the rhizome is atemporal, can we say the same about architecture? Yes and no. Because it’s undeniable that the essence of architecture, which differentiate it from other arts, is the time-space, but is also true that this one, made by objects, other distinction from rhizome, is deep-rooted in the perceivable world, and so the same objects, in the past as in the future, are just representation of architecture, and thus, architecture is the present instant, so rhizome. Referring to old problems, is the architect an atmosphere’s material, as the time for architecture, and so nothing, or the architecture is  atmosphere, which I believe is a rhizome system,  and so the architecture is a rhizome too? ? And more, Deleuze represents the image of a rhizome as body with no organs, but can the archietecture be really this, isn’it in the figure of the architect an idea of unicity, a generator organ? And maybe that n-1 is an architecture without architects as regarding B.Rudofsky?And every new assumption creates new doubts; how is it possible that a rhizome, as a root, comes from scientific determinations, but when gets close to architecture we find the latter one a rhizome just if we refer to the most humanistic disciplines within it. Given and not resolved those ambiguities, I do not believe the identification of one into another one is the right way; Deleuze wouldn’t appreciate it, rhizome refuses decalcomania.

I believe, maybe, that the rhizome, with no start and end point within it, could be itself the end and the beginning of the architecture; if the rhizome is a “between”, architecture is in between the rhizome.

 

Introducendoci al concetto di Rizoma, Deleuze, usa lui stesso un rizoma, non un libro qualsiasi che avrebbe insito quella struttura lineare e sequenziale, che individua e risolve un problema, ma un ipertesto, non concluso in sé, difficile a comprendersi come a definirsi, difficile a estrapolarne un senso unico perché è il lettore a doverlo cercare, ogni singolo lettore ponendo se stesso, come uno degl’ infiniti collegamenti esterni a cui esso è aperto, all’interno del testo.

L’operazione che porta Deleuze al rizoma è quanto di più filosofico v’è in filosofia; indagando l’esperienza filosofica, fondata sul pensiero, e sull’effettiva “difficoltà” di pensare, studia e approfondisce il pensiero stesso, tracciandone una mappa, costituendo una geofilosofia, il rizoma appunto.

Per capirne il senso, dunque, credo sia necessario scostarci dal sistema rizomatico di pensiero ed anche vedere cosa v’è agl’antipodi del rizoma. Opposto al rizoma, profondamente criticato dall’autore, e profondamente radicato nel pensiero occidentale da Platone fino ad oggi, v’è il sistema albero-radice, che si legittimizza nel reindirizzarsi ad un elemento unico stabilmente affondato nelle profondità del sistema categoriale. Quest’ultimo è totalmente gerarchico, che dalle proprie radici e dal loro propagarsi dicotomico sviluppa  un sistema logico-teoretico, a differenza del rizoma che è invece  una rete, che può svilupparsi in ordine sparso, non per punti noti, e con configurazioni decentrate, in cui ogni elemento può essere collegato ad un qualsiasi altro, l’albero è verticale, il rizoma orizzontale, il primo diacronico, l’altro sincronico, l’albero è successione ordinata e sostanzialmente duale, 1-2-4-8, ovvero il molteplice a partire dall’unità superiore…mentre il rizoma è molteplicità espressa in n-1 dove 1 è l’unità accentrante. L’albero-radice è “da-a”, il rizoma “tra”; ancora uno è “è” attributivo, ontologico, l’altro “e”, di natura congiuntiva. Il primo è evoluzione, il secondo trasformazione; rigidezza e flessibilità, uno è costituito da oggetti, l’altro da relazioni. L’albero è questo paragrafo, il rizoma è dentro di noi.

Per meglio definire il rizoma Deleuze delinea sei punti: Connessione ed Eterogeneità i primi, ovvero una composizione di linee, di dimensioni, direzioni, non di unità, e ciò consente l’assoluta interconnessione al suo interno; il terzo è Molteplicità, e il che sottintende  assenza d’interdipendenza, il rizoma è aperto ed infinitamente percorribile, con infinite entrate ed infinite uscite. Fondamentale è il quarto punto, quello della Rottura Asignificante, che ne delinea il comportamento al suo interno, un rizoma procede per variazione, conquista, estensione, qualora sopraggiunga una rottura questa diviene imprevedibile esperienza di scoperta data dalle capacità rigenerative del sistema. Anche gl’ultimi punti vanno accomunati, e sono Cartografia e Decalcomania, positivo il primo in quanto una sorta di proiezione dinamica del rizoma stesso, negativo l’altro quando congela questo e ne neutralizza la molteplicità.

Come non poteva essere diversamente, il pensiero rizomatico è frutto della seconda metà dello scorso secolo e mai come di questo ne può essere una chiara definizione. Sempre in opposizione al sistema albero viviamo un tempo senza radici, non più continuo, ciclico o stabile, ma in un processo di demitizzazione del passato e in crescente distacco  da esso, immersi in un presente ibrido e irregolare, cosciente di un imprevedibile, anche prossimo, futuro; ciò che l’albero non è e che tutti questi secoli non sono stati, perché determinati da processualità, è l’assoluta simultaneità, l’assoluto presente, un incredibile autosufficienza e autodeterminazione del rizoma e del 21esimo secolo.

Fatto proprio il concetto di rizoma, e consapevoli che rizoma altro non è che un fatto biologico, e, nel nostro caso, un’immagine del pensiero, che ne è dell’architettura? Prendere il rizoma a modello e farne dell’architettura un’imitazione di esso, cioè un’architettura rizomatica; o estendere il pensiero rizomatico ad ogni circostanza c’è di fronte, quindi pensare rizomaticamente l’architettura, o internare l’architettura in un sistema rizomatico? Ebbene, i due termini, appartenenti a due categorie ben distinte, non si distinguono tra loro poi tanto; presupponendo il rizoma un nuovo e avanzato approccio alla filosofia sottintendo cosi che per architettura parliamo d’architettura avanzata.                                                                                         Allora cosa hanno in comune?  A prima vista il caos, apparente, s’intende, quel sistema dinamico di relazioni transitive, di territorializzazioni e deterritorializzazioni senza perdita d’identità,  un finto disordine come un insieme di molteplici ordini, molteplici layers, o millepiani, frutto indeterminato di traiettorie e fluttuazioni, un sistema frattale sensibile alle variazioni. Ambedue fortemente eterogenei, due sistemi non-lineari e senza punti d’equilibrio, ambedue in un processo continuo, ambedue un processo continuo. Ma qui s’introduce un punto di non contatto; stando a quanto sopra il rizoma è atemporale, possiamo parlare allo stesso modo dell’architettura? Si e no; perché è innegabile che l’essenza dell’architettura, che la differenzia dalle altre altri, è nello spazio-tempo, ma è anche vero che questa, fatta di oggetti, altra distinzione dal rizoma, è radicata nel mondo sensibile, e che dunque gli stessi oggetti, nel passato e nel futuro, non sono che rappresentazioni dell’architettura, e dunque questa è l’istante presente, sicchè rizoma. Riferendoci e rialzando scorse problematiche, è l’architettura materiale dell’atmosfera, come il tempo lo è dell’architettura, e quindi nulla, o l’architettura è atmosfera, che credo sia un rizoma, e allora è rizoma anche l’architettura ?E ancora, Deleuze ci dàl’immagine del rizoma come un corpo senza organi, ma l’architettura può davvero essere questo, non v’è già nella figura dell’architetto quell’idea di unicità, quell’organo generatore? E forse quell’n-1 è un’architettura senza architetti come secondo Rudofsky E ogni supposizione incalza nuovi dubbi; com’è possibile che il rizoma, come radice, proviene da determinazioni scientifiche, ma nell’accostarsi all’architettura troviamo questa tale solo riferendoci alle discipline più umanistiche incluse in essa? Date e non risolte tali ambiguità non credo l’identificazione dell’una nell’altro sia la giusta via; Deleuze non lo approverebbe, il rizoma rifiuta decalcomanie.

Credo forse che il rizoma, senza né inizio né fine al suo interno, possa essere lui stesso inizio e fine dell’architettura; se il rizoma è un “tra”, l’architettura è “tra” il rizoma.

 

Giacomo Fiorani- Hormezi – 2013
Photo by Giacomo Fiorani

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Rhizome- Deleuze | Guattari

Sandra Reeves http://www.moveintolife.com/thesis-pattern.html

Sandra Reeves http://www.moveintolife.com/thesis-pattern.html

Rhizome is a philosophical term used to describe the relations and connectivity of things. The authors Deleuze and Guattari, have assigned this term “rhizome” referring to a relation like that of roots. They spread underground with no direction, no beginning, and no end. They are dispersed. It is opposed to the idea of a tree which has a starting point, and from there branches out in a predictable path.  Read More »

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Parametricism – A Method, a Style

Fractal Forest ('Monalisa') Pavillion: Made Expo2012, Milan

Fractal Forest (‘Monalisa’) Pavillion: Made Expo2012, Milan

Patrick Schumaker – Parametricism A new Global Tyle of Architecture and Urban Design

 Schumaker explains his theory on Parametricism as a new style. Based on the notion that a style is recognized as the convergence of research and approach to architecture done by several architects over the las two decades. In saying this, he supports his theory with a set of dogmas that rule over Parametric Style as well as 5 agendas of research. Out of these, what stands out is his ruling out of rigid primitives, the parametric manipulation of geometries, interaction of several systems, complex figurations, project responsiveness, and relationaity in urbanism. He defends the aesthetic quality of projects done by new software and parametric methods as minimal path systems and the like.

 As much as I believe that parametricism is a new style, I think the reasons and explanation of this theory by Schumaker is vague and superficial. When compared to work done by other authors as Neil Leach or the  origins of parametric in works by D’Arcy Thompson and Deleuze. Schumaker is lacking structure in his theory, a base to support his hypothesis. Examples of this is  the fact that he doesn’t give examples in which parameters have been used, how parameters are extracted, what is the process of design, and the role of digital tools and digital fabrication in parametrics.

 To complete this theory I would like to mention other texts which support and give body to this structure. In terms of parameter extraction and manipulation to create form, Thompson’s work in “Growth of Form” explains it magnificently. The use of mathematical models and observation to see how a biological being change shape by the modification of parameters explained by the mathematical models. He extract  the parameters that control shape and them manipulates them to create new shapes. In addition to parameter extraction, the work by Stephen Johnson in “Emerge”, explores swarms and new ways of object interaction. As a decentralized model where individuals make up the whole, where the part knows only a simple set of behaviors yet put together make the whole work in unison.

 In terms of process, the work of Deleuze and Delanda in “Rhizome” and “Deleuze and the Genesis of Form” respectively,  clearly point out to a new process or approach. They turn the way of designing from top-down to down-top, making the detail complete the whole. The idea of a basic object or parameter, call it morpheme, replicates and joins itself to create something bigger or modifies parameters to fit to different situations.

As for aesthetics and the role of digital tools and fabrication, Niel Leach and Nicholas Negroponte have a better explanation to how they influence the style. In “Architecture Machines”, Negroponte describes the evolution of machines (also applicable to software) on how they can achieve learning architecture. This evolution let’s use this machines for more detailed designs as well as design inputs and analysis, which in turn gives a richer project and parametric manipulation. Neil Leach in “Fabricating the Future” on the other hand, explains the role of digital tools and fabrication as an aid in the approach to architecture, a new thinking process which involves trial and error as well as deep analysis of parameters. A more precise description of the role of this technologies. Also in this book, Leach counters Schumakers dogmas on primitives and parametric manipulation for figuration by defining the aesthetics of the style not as a result of parameter manipulation and algorithms, but as a negotiation and restriction of the visual opulence of these compositions as an operation that entails elegance.

 In general, Shumakers´ text is hiding the lack of information and substantial background examples behind a clever play of words by saying that a style is defined by the common interest of a certain field. His dogmas, as any dogma, is too harsh and doesn’t let the richness of parametrics develop its true potential and value. All in all, in is not a good example of parametricism as a style and can lead to confusion and disregarding of it as such.

 It would be interesting to explore and research the nature of the parameters being manipulated in parametricism as well as how the new technologies are being used and what design processes it is bringing forth.

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T1- On growth and form – D’Arcy W. Thompson

 

 

parts and whole;connections and interactions

Part and whole; connections and interactions

 FORM – A WHOLE or PARTS?

The topic of debate seem to be whether “forms” (in general) are a result of a general rule (a whole) that contains or parts that mould the whole.

D’Arcy Thompson in his book On Growth and form describes how the form of living organisms have a general mathematical equation of “path” which may be deformed to form variants of the same ”type” due to the action of various external forces. His method also corroborates the parallel existence of different “types“. He also argues that just as the external from is deformed, the internal organs also respond to this general deformation of form. Evidently this suggests an arborescent or top-down system.

While Deleuze and DeLanda thinks otherwise. They assert a bottom-up or rhizome system where each individual (at whatever scale) is capable of altering the whole although the extent may vary and the end result may even be unintentional (as suggested by Steven Johnson in the concept of “emergence”).

It is easy to be step into the deception that the Thompson’s work is in strict contradiction with the rest. However, if we look more deeply we see that he leaves the explanation of “single case” to the existence of rhizomatic properties within a whole and also the interaction of parts with the environment. It is to be noted that his argument about the existence of parallel “types” is in sync with idea of “multiplicity”.

One must argue that if the purpose of “form” at whatever level it may be, is to exist (stabilize) and to thrive (grow) then, there must be a ‘general rule’ just as there is a ‘general purpose’. The “single case” however is definitely an outcome of individual/parts/inputs/data etc. and their interactions integrated into this general form. It is fair to argue that if  the interaction between 2 parts have an effect on each of them and if interaction of parts to environment affects the parts, then there should be a counter effect of this on the environment as well. Therefore, the process of form-making becomes more and more specific with the introduction of time as yet another factor of interaction (an example would be evolution). Another simple eg: The purpose of every city is to live and thrive (general rule) depending on its environment (external factors) individuals living within them interact and form settlements, continued interactions over time forms culture, increases demands and slowly other forces* social, economic, political and technology etc. also forms part of the interaction forming rhizomes causing emergence, but all this happens on general whole.

*Forces acting on a whole, DeLanda says looking from this perspective one can even redefine history.

I believe that the idea of “parametics” should be made use of in this sense. Where the architect is the one aware of the general rules and is able to program (taking into account the forces) and work with machines (as suggested by Negroponte in Toward a theory of Architecture machines)  to come up with multiple “creative” solutions to the problems of “form” at any level of human existence.

Topic of interest: What is the prevailing “general” form type of a given city. Is it possible to categorize them as tree and rhizome? If the relationship in more complex how can we understand the general growth pattern?

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Architects and Architecture Machines

man-machine

The notions of Robotics in architecture put forward in Nicholas Negroponte’s ‘toward a theory of architecture machines’ play with the idea that machines come from an intelligent creator and they “perform well when told exactly how to do something”. As it stands now, machines are used for the monotonous tasks of design, the real design is done by the human. So he puts forward the idea of evolution of machine and relationship between Machine and Designer.

Evolution of Machine :

Nicholas Negroponte talks about a machine that learns by itself. And to explain this he gives forward 5 particular subassemblies as a pert of architecture machine :

  • A heuristic mechanism – It is based on thumb ruleswhich drastically limit the search for a solution. Therefore it does not guarantee a solution and look for alternative solutions.
  • A rote apparatus – It is a memorizing technique, which after repeated encounter get used to the circumstances and when similar situations are next encountered can give repetitive solutions.
  • A continuing device – After repetitive encounters it becomes a habit and each robot gives predefined responses until with little effort.
  • A reward solution – A designer observing and evaluating the responses from machine should exhibit his response to direct a machine towards success.
  • A forgetting convenience – A machine should be able to unlearn its mistake to continuously evolve and give better and innovative solutions.

Relationship between Machines and Designers :

Negroponte describes a networking system where there is a parent machine(with powerful processor and extensive memory) which is far away from the Designer, but all the architecture machines (Sub-machines) are connected to a parent machine to acquire computing power, stored information and to communicate with other architects and architecture machines.

netwoek

In the above image Red is Parent MachineBlue is Architectural Machine and Grey is for Architects.

Negroponte puts forward the dream of having a machine with soul (a true artificial intelligence) that can adapt to task which require more effort than reading scripts and code. The argument then continues on to discuss machines with human characteristics such as sight, he mentions a robot that wanders the city and has opinions of things (a mind of its own).

In my opinion, these notions belong in a sci-fi movie, a thing that is not human will be unlikely to ever be able to carry out tasks beyond those for which it was designed. The subjectivity of human nature is something that no algorithm can replicate in a machine, leave the design to the ‘real’ architect and may the machines make his life easier.

Topic of Research :

I would like to do a research on ‘Use of machine as a tool in evolution of architecture practice’.

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